论１９世纪下半叶和２０世纪上半叶的北京现代化进程魏开肇１９世纪下半叶和２０世纪上半叶，外族三次侵占北京城。为摆脱积弱受侮的境遇，中国开展了一系列旨在实现应变型现代化的改革运动和革命运动。北京也随之而发生了建设性的巨变：由封建帝王之都向现代化大都市演进... On the Process of Beijing’s Modernization in the Latter Half of the 19th Century and the First Half of the 20th Century Wei Kaizhao The second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century saw the invasion of the capital by three foreign nationalities. In order to get rid of the weak and insulted state, China has carried out a series of reform and revolutionary campaigns aimed at achieving a continual modernization. Beijing also followed a constructive change: from the feudal emperors to modern metropolis evolution ...