(一)拱坝最早于16世纪在西班牙、意大利开始修建,当时建造的是砌石拱坝。19世纪中叶,全世界共修建100多座拱坝,多在狭谷中,一般采用圆筒公式成水平弹性拱的理论计算,到20世纪20年代后,采取试戴法计算,随着电子计算技术的发展,目前拱坝计算广泛地采用有限单元法。近年来在西欧国家(意大利、法国等)高坝建设中,拱坝得到了迅速发展,由于砼与砌 (A) Arch Dam As early as the 16th century in Spain, Italy began construction, was built masonry arch dam. The mid-19th century, the world built a total of more than 100 arch dam, mostly in the valleys, the cylinder formula is generally used to calculate the level of elastic arch theory, to the 20th century after the 20’s, try-wear calculation, with the electronic computing technology At present, finite element method is widely used in arch dam calculation. In recent years in Western Europe (Italy, France, etc.) dam construction, arch dam has been the rapid development of concrete and puzzle