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在中国傅统社会,所谓捐纳,即官吏捐加级、封典;平民捐职街;生员捐贡生、监生。清乾隆朝以后,贡生、监生专指由捐纳而得,名义上成为国子监的学生。其目的是花钱买个文憑,为以后继续走科举正途或異途捐纳为官获取资格。报捐者自捐盛后,与走科举正途获得功名的人相比,尽管官场地位低下,地位卑微,但其身份地位也必然发生根本变化。他们主要活跃在社会下层,是下层知识分子和下层绅士的主流,在社会中所起的作用也不容忽视。有关捐纳制度的研究目前学界已有不少~①,但多从制度、社会功能及影响进行探析,少
In the Chinese Fu Tong society, the so-called donations, that is, officials donated plus class, Fengdian; civilians donated to the streets; health workers donated tribute students, supervisors. After the Qing Emperor Qianlong, tribute students, supervisor specifically refers to the donation from the nominally become the Imperial College students. Its purpose is to spend money on a diploma to qualify for continuing to follow the imperial examination system or to pay for it. Since the donation, since the donation, compared with the people who got the fame in the official examinations of the imperial examination system, their position in status is bound to change fundamentally despite their low status and humble status. They are mainly active in the lower social classes and are the mainstream of lower-level intellectuals and lower-level gentlemen. The role they play in society can not be ignored. At present, there are a lot of scholars in the field of donation system, but many studies on system, social function and influence, less