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阿拉伯帝国的实际统治者塞尔柱人是雇佣军出身而攫取最高权力的典型。这批突厥人在公元10世纪从北方南下进入穆斯林地区,接受伊斯兰教,受编为萨曼王朝边防军,又称臣于伽色尼王朝,势力增长,参与中亚战争纷争,遂反叛伽色尼,很快拥有伊朗大部分地区,到公元1055年径直进入阿拉伯阿拔斯帝国首都巴格达,迫使哈里发授予其首领“苏丹”称号,自此,虽然哈里发名义上仍然是阿拉伯帝国的首领,但实际上阿拉伯帝国已落入塞尔柱突厥人手中,史称塞尔柱帝国。此后塞尔柱帝国继续四面出击,并于1071年大败拜占庭军队,小亚细亚和地中海东岸尽属突厥人所有,在这里建立了罗姆苏丹国,曾顽强抵御十字军入侵,后败于蒙古入侵。
The actual rulers of the Arab Empire, the Seljuqs, are typical of mercenary origin and the supremacy of power. These Turks in the 10th century came south from the north into the Muslim region and accepted Islam. They were compiled as the Samaritary Border Control Corps, also known as the Ghanaian Empire. Their forces grew and took part in the war in Central Asia. They rebel against Gazian , Soon owning much of Iran and entering straight into the Arab Abbasid capital Baghdad in 1055 forced the Caliphate to the title “Sudan” of its leader. Since then, although the Caliph is nominally the leader of the Arab Empire, in fact The Arab Empire has fallen into the hands of the Seljuk Turks, known as the Seljuk Empire. Since then, the Seljuk Empire continued its attack on all sides and defeated the Byzantine army in 1071. Assyria and the eastern Mediterranean coast of Assyria all belong to the Turks, where the establishment of the Sultanate of Rom, once stubbornly resisted the Crusades and later defeated by the invasion of Mongolia .