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严格地说,成语词典的书证应该具备这样两点: 第一,溯源。即第一书证应是最早的例证,如“民惟邦本”标《尚书·五子之歌》。“好学深思”举《史记·五帝本纪》。当然这只能在见到材料的情况下为之。像“当断不断,反受其乱”,在《十大经》出土(1973年)之前也只能引溯到《史记·齐悼惠王世家》。第二,书证数量应有二条以上,而且应注意排列不同历史时代的书证,以显示成语产生、发展、凝固的过程。这同样受材料知见数量的制约。因此,即使从书证这一个方面说,编纂一部完善的成语词典实在不是轻易的事,它需要广泛的发现和深厚的积累,需要长时间的努力。在已出版汉语成语词典中,《中国成语大辞典》(上海辞书出版社1987年版,下称《辞典》)是收词最多的一种,一万八千条。但从词典编纂学的角度来看,收词数量宏富并不是最值得称道的,重要的是编写原则和体例要求。《辞典》凡例第五条说:“一般都用书证一至三例,辅助说明成语的含义、用法及其源流演变。”
Strictly speaking, the idioms dictionary documentary evidence should have such two points: First, traceability. That is, the first book should be the earliest example, such as “the people of the state” standard “Book · five children’s song.” “Studious thinking” give “Historical Records Five Emperors this century.” Of course, this can only be seen in the case of materials. Like “when broken constantly, against the chaos,” in the “Top Ten” unearthed (1973) before it can only be traced back to “Historical Records Qi Ren W Hui family”. Second, the number of documentary evidence should be more than two, and should be arranged with different historical documents should be arranged to show the idiom generation, development and solidification process. This is also limited by the amount of material available. Therefore, even from the aspect of documentary evidence, it is not easy to compile a complete dictionary of idioms. It requires extensive discovery and profound accumulation and requires a long period of hard work. Among the published Chinese idiom dictionaries, “Dictionary of Chinese idioms” (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1987 edition, hereinafter referred to as “Dictionary”) is the one with the most collected letters, with 18,000 articles. However, from the perspective of dictionary compilation, it is not the most commendable to collect rich words and phrases. What is important is compilation principle and system requirements. Article 5 of the “Dictionary” states: “Generally, one to three cases of documentary evidence are used to help explain the meaning, usage and evolution of idioms.”