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近几年来，高考英语阅读理解题加强了对长、难句的考查力度，由于材料中大量的特长句、复合句或其它复杂结构形式的出现，给考生的正常理解带来了很大的障碍，影响了考生的解题速度，降低了考生的答题信心。一个英语句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长无非是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加成分，如插入语、同位语、分割现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语短语等等。这些附加成分常有逗号或分隔号与句子隔开，且插在一个句子中间，使本来完整的句子被断开，因而增加句意理解的难度。如何破解长难句？我们从两个方面来破解。
一、跳读破解复杂简单句
例1Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to The Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral (葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.
Coming in a close second — and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island — is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square mile island was settled around the 5th century, supported by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1722 settlers from Holland, however,moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory (智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.
本篇文章共有194个单词，却只有9个句子，平均每个句子大约22个单词。
（1）跳读插入语
请看文章第一段第一句。第一步跳过插入语找出句子主干：Tristan da Cunha is the farthest inhabited island in the world (Tristan da Cunha是世界上有人居住的最偏僻的岛屿)；第二步理解插入语部分及状语部分a 38-square-mile island (该岛面积为38平方英里), （而且这是吉尼斯记录之一）。这样该句话的意思就能明白了。
（2）跳读非谓语动词短语
我们来看第一段第三句。首先跳过前面的非谓语动词短语，找出主干：the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred（该岛是英国国领土，人口大约几百）。然后再来理解前面的非谓语动词短语：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral (葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810（这个岛屿是在1506年被一个名叫Tristan da Cunha的葡萄牙上将发现的，1810年开始有人居住）。通过这样分析，我们就能读的轻松，理解的准确。
（3）跳读分隔现象
请看文章的第二段，这一段有35个单词，却只有一个句子。该句既包含了分隔现象，又包含了定语从句，还有一个同位语，而且该句还是一个倒装句。如果从前到后按顺序来理解，未免有点繁杂，抓不住重点。所以首先跳过两个分隔符号之间的内容，同时也要暂时搁置后面的非限定性定语从句，找出主干再把主干重新倒置过来变成正常语序：Easter Island is coming in a close second (Easter Island 是紧跟第二的最偏僻的岛屿)；然后再理解分隔符号之间的内容和后面的定语从句等附加成分：Easter Island常常被误认为是最偏僻的岛屿，它在最临近的岛屿东面1,260公里，在南美西面2,300英里。
（4）跳读定语从句
定语从句在阅读中很常见，有限定性的和非限定性的。限定性定语从句用来限定所修饰的词，与之关系非常密切，阅读时要特别注意两者的关系。跳读限定性定语从句找出主句要马上回头理解它的含义，确定它与先行词的修饰关系。如文章第三段的第一个句子里就有一个限定性定语从句：who were lost at sea。阅读时一定要注意它与people的密切关系：不是别人而是在大海中迷路的人5世纪左右在那里定居。
而非限定性定语从句与所修饰的词关系不是很密切，主要起补充说明作用，它可以出现在主句中间，也可以出现在句尾。如果它出现在句中，阅读时可以跳过去然后再来理解，也可以一起顺便读过去。如果非限定性定语从句出现在句尾，那阅读时很方便，看完主句附带看一下就可以了，因为他只是对先行词起补充说明作用。如第三段的最后一句：for which the island is most famous。看完主句我们得知该岛与外界隔绝了一千多年，使得岛上的人们有充足的时间来修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然后再附带得知该岛以这些石雕而闻名。
【练一练】
1. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails and unconditional love dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City.
2. A child-like robot, Wakamaru, developed by Mitsubish Heavy Industries of Japan and combining the roles of nurse, companion and security guard, will soon be in the market to look after the growing number of old people with no one to look after them.
二、拆分并列句及复合句
并列句有or, and, while, so, not only... but also...; either ... or ..., neither ... nor ...等引导；复合句有定语从句、名词性从句及各种状语从句。我们先可以拆分各个分句或主句和从句，然后跳读分析各分句以及主句和从句，这样句意就很容易理解了。
（1）拆分并列句
例1 In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest, while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest. (2010辽宁C篇)
本句while引导两个表示转折的平列分句。第一分句：children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest（卧室里有电视而无电脑的孩子得分最低）；第二分句：those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest，首先跳过定语从句里理解主干：those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest（而那些卧室没有电视，却有电脑的孩子得分最高）
（2）拆分复合句
例1 The reporter believes that good stories spring from good questions, but his editors usually ask how long the story will be, when it will be in, where it can play, and what the budge is. (2010北京B篇)
本句是that引导的宾语从句，主句很简单：The reporter believes ...宾语从句比较复杂：它由but引导两个表示转折的并列分句，第二分句又含有有how long, when以及where引导的三个并列的宾语从句。
【练一练】
1. Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.
2. The general phenomenon, then, is that the small conversation techniques, like pacing and pausing, lead people to draw conclusions not about conversational style but about personality and abilities.(2010全国 北京)
Keys:
一、
1. 根据盐湖城(ITA)的观点，这种狗有着明亮的眼睛，摇动的尾巴，拥有不附加任何条件的爱心。因为这个缘故，这种狗是可以令初学者获得信心，不会妄加评判的忠实听众。
2. 一个看似孩子模样的，由日本Mitsubish Heavy Industries公司开发的机器人Wakamaru，集看护陪伴以及警卫于一身。它将很快进入市场，用来照看与日俱增的无人照顾的老人。
二、
1. 一个19岁的大学生Ralph Tyler，出生于1902年，在芝加哥长大并接受教育，在South Dakota弃医从教，是一名理科教师。
2. 一般的现象是一种小的谈话技巧，像节奏及停顿，会导致人们得出结论，不是关于谈话形式，而是关于个性和能力。
一、跳读破解复杂简单句
例1Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to The Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral (葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.
Coming in a close second — and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island — is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square mile island was settled around the 5th century, supported by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1722 settlers from Holland, however,moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory (智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.
本篇文章共有194个单词，却只有9个句子，平均每个句子大约22个单词。
（1）跳读插入语
请看文章第一段第一句。第一步跳过插入语找出句子主干：Tristan da Cunha is the farthest inhabited island in the world (Tristan da Cunha是世界上有人居住的最偏僻的岛屿)；第二步理解插入语部分及状语部分a 38-square-mile island (该岛面积为38平方英里), （而且这是吉尼斯记录之一）。这样该句话的意思就能明白了。
（2）跳读非谓语动词短语
我们来看第一段第三句。首先跳过前面的非谓语动词短语，找出主干：the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred（该岛是英国国领土，人口大约几百）。然后再来理解前面的非谓语动词短语：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral (葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810（这个岛屿是在1506年被一个名叫Tristan da Cunha的葡萄牙上将发现的，1810年开始有人居住）。通过这样分析，我们就能读的轻松，理解的准确。
（3）跳读分隔现象
请看文章的第二段，这一段有35个单词，却只有一个句子。该句既包含了分隔现象，又包含了定语从句，还有一个同位语，而且该句还是一个倒装句。如果从前到后按顺序来理解，未免有点繁杂，抓不住重点。所以首先跳过两个分隔符号之间的内容，同时也要暂时搁置后面的非限定性定语从句，找出主干再把主干重新倒置过来变成正常语序：Easter Island is coming in a close second (Easter Island 是紧跟第二的最偏僻的岛屿)；然后再理解分隔符号之间的内容和后面的定语从句等附加成分：Easter Island常常被误认为是最偏僻的岛屿，它在最临近的岛屿东面1,260公里，在南美西面2,300英里。
（4）跳读定语从句
定语从句在阅读中很常见，有限定性的和非限定性的。限定性定语从句用来限定所修饰的词，与之关系非常密切，阅读时要特别注意两者的关系。跳读限定性定语从句找出主句要马上回头理解它的含义，确定它与先行词的修饰关系。如文章第三段的第一个句子里就有一个限定性定语从句：who were lost at sea。阅读时一定要注意它与people的密切关系：不是别人而是在大海中迷路的人5世纪左右在那里定居。
而非限定性定语从句与所修饰的词关系不是很密切，主要起补充说明作用，它可以出现在主句中间，也可以出现在句尾。如果它出现在句中，阅读时可以跳过去然后再来理解，也可以一起顺便读过去。如果非限定性定语从句出现在句尾，那阅读时很方便，看完主句附带看一下就可以了，因为他只是对先行词起补充说明作用。如第三段的最后一句：for which the island is most famous。看完主句我们得知该岛与外界隔绝了一千多年，使得岛上的人们有充足的时间来修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然后再附带得知该岛以这些石雕而闻名。
【练一练】
1. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails and unconditional love dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City.
2. A child-like robot, Wakamaru, developed by Mitsubish Heavy Industries of Japan and combining the roles of nurse, companion and security guard, will soon be in the market to look after the growing number of old people with no one to look after them.
二、拆分并列句及复合句
并列句有or, and, while, so, not only... but also...; either ... or ..., neither ... nor ...等引导；复合句有定语从句、名词性从句及各种状语从句。我们先可以拆分各个分句或主句和从句，然后跳读分析各分句以及主句和从句，这样句意就很容易理解了。
（1）拆分并列句
例1 In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest, while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest. (2010辽宁C篇)
本句while引导两个表示转折的平列分句。第一分句：children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest（卧室里有电视而无电脑的孩子得分最低）；第二分句：those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest，首先跳过定语从句里理解主干：those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest（而那些卧室没有电视，却有电脑的孩子得分最高）
（2）拆分复合句
例1 The reporter believes that good stories spring from good questions, but his editors usually ask how long the story will be, when it will be in, where it can play, and what the budge is. (2010北京B篇)
本句是that引导的宾语从句，主句很简单：The reporter believes ...宾语从句比较复杂：它由but引导两个表示转折的并列分句，第二分句又含有有how long, when以及where引导的三个并列的宾语从句。
【练一练】
1. Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.
2. The general phenomenon, then, is that the small conversation techniques, like pacing and pausing, lead people to draw conclusions not about conversational style but about personality and abilities.(2010全国 北京)
Keys:
一、
1. 根据盐湖城(ITA)的观点，这种狗有着明亮的眼睛，摇动的尾巴，拥有不附加任何条件的爱心。因为这个缘故，这种狗是可以令初学者获得信心，不会妄加评判的忠实听众。
2. 一个看似孩子模样的，由日本Mitsubish Heavy Industries公司开发的机器人Wakamaru，集看护陪伴以及警卫于一身。它将很快进入市场，用来照看与日俱增的无人照顾的老人。
二、
1. 一个19岁的大学生Ralph Tyler，出生于1902年，在芝加哥长大并接受教育，在South Dakota弃医从教，是一名理科教师。
2. 一般的现象是一种小的谈话技巧，像节奏及停顿，会导致人们得出结论，不是关于谈话形式，而是关于个性和能力。