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不同于中国,印刷术在印度出现得很晚,但是印度的写本却源远流长。现存的印度写本中,最早的可追溯至公元1世纪。印度写本的保存数量巨大,粗略估计在五百万册左右。如此丰厚的存世量,与印度文化中对书籍的崇拜息息相关。印度人对许多宗教经典都心存敬意,甚至会直接向经典礼拜,或将它们供奉起来。在印度风俗中,《罗摩衍那》的抄本被当作珍贵的礼物,其制作之精良,无愧于艺术品。研究印度写本的学者们所面临的最大挑战在于其多样性,仅就写本所用的书写载体而言,即有克什米尔地区的桦树皮、印度北部的沉香木片、印度沿海地区的贝叶和多罗叶等多种不同的材料。而根据每种承载材料的不同性状,与之相对应的书写工具、行文款式、装订样式以及存藏方式等也各有千秋。直到公元11世纪,印度才出现了真正意义上的纸张和纸质写本,然而使用范围却局限于印度中北部地区。究其缘故,主要还是因为棕榈叶远远比纸张更易获取、更易制作、更加便宜。由于自然赋形的棕榈叶写本实在太过常见,所以即使当印度人开始使用纸张,纸质写本仍旧沿用棕榈叶写本的“梵书款”形制,这一传统在18世纪欧洲人来到印度后才逐渐改变。印度写本中最具影响力的是梵语天城文写本。比如,中国清代的官方翻译机构“四译馆”就曾为梵语专设一馆,并且刊刻了许多天城文与汉文相对照的文献。印度写本兼具思想性和艺术性。本文意在对印度写本作一个小小的纵览与梳理,从而使更多人能够接触并了解印度写本这片广袤而奇妙的天地。
Unlike China, typography appeared late in India, but the texts in India have a long history. The earliest surviving Indian script dates back to the first century AD. The number of Indian scripts is huge and roughly estimated at about 5 million copies. Such generous depositorship is closely linked to the worship of books in Indian culture. Indians pay tribute to many religious classics and even worship them directly or worship them. In the Indian custom, the transcript of Ramayana was treated as a precious gift, well made and worthy of the artwork. The biggest challenge for scholars studying copybooks in India lies in their diversity, and in the case of the writing medium used for this writing, only birch bark in Kashmir, aloes wood in northern India, Bayeux and Dolo in the Indian coast Leaves and many other different materials. And according to the different traits of each bearing material, corresponding to the writing tools, writing style, binding style and storage methods also have their advantages. It was not until the 11th century in the world that India had a real paper and paper copy, but its use was limited to central and northern India. The reason, mainly because the palm leaves are far more accessible than paper, easier to make and cheaper. Because natural-bound palm leaf books are so common, even when Indians started using paper, the paper-based version of the book still follows the “Van Gogh” shape, a tradition written in 18th century Europeans After India gradually changed. The most influential book in India is the Sanskrit Uighur script. For example, the official translation agency of the Qing Dynasty in China once wrote a museum for the Sanskrit language and published a number of articles in contrast to those written in Tiancheng and Han languages. Indian writing is both ideological and artistic. This article is intended to give a small overview and collation of Indian writing so that more people can come into contact with and understand the vast and wonderful world of Indian writing.