一些标准的组织学教科书(如:Ham’s组织学)都描述膀胱的粘膜由一层移行上皮以及一层支持上皮的疏松结缔组织(固有膜)组成,从没提及有粘膜肌。实际上许多教科书都明确的记载:人类的膀胱粘膜是无粘膜肌的(如:Gray’s解剖学)。近年来作者在对人的下尿道研究中,及时地检查了大量正常的 Some standard histology textbooks (eg, Ham’s Histology) describe that the mucosa of the bladder consists of a layer of transitional epithelium and a layer of loosely connective tissue (lamina propria) that supports the epithelium, with no mention of mucosal muscle. In fact, many textbooks clearly state that human bladder mucosa is mucosal-less (eg, Gray’s Anatomy). In recent years, the author of human lower urethra study, in a timely manner to check a large number of normal