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明政府为有效加强对中央机构官员的管理,每六年对南北两京全体文官进行考察,谓之“京察”。为保证京察制度发挥澄清官场风气、淘汰不职官员的预期作用,明廷对京察从准备到结束的每一环节,都进行了十分详尽的制度规定。然而在京察制度运作的运行过程中,官员并非总是遵照制度规定行事。本文以明万历辛亥京察为例,探析京察制度运作与制度规定的相符与背离之处,指出本应作为维护官场清正之风的考察制度,因法规设计的不完善而被文官群体所利用,逐渐演变成不同利益集团争权夺利的工具,给明代官场政治生态造成消极影响。唯有针对行政运作中出现的问题及时完善制度规定,立明规矩、破潜规则,消除制度规定相对于行政运作的滞后性,才能使官员有效治理的意图得以最终实现。
In order to effectively strengthen the management of officials of the Central Government, the Ming government inspected all the civilians in both northern and southern Beijing every six years, calling it “Jingcha”. In order to ensure that the system of inspection in Beijing plays a role of clarifying the officialdom and eliminating the expected role of non-official officials, the court conducted a very detailed system of rules for every step taken by Beijing Inspection from preparation to completion. However, during the operation of the Jingcha system, officials did not always act according to the rules of the system. This article takes Ming Wanli Xin Hai Jing Jing as an example to probe into the correspondence and deviation between the operation and the system regulation of the Jingcha system and points out that this system should be utilized by civil servants because of the imperfect rules and regulations design Gradually evolved into a tool for different interest groups to gain power and gain profits, which had a negative impact on the official political ecology of the Ming Dynasty. Only when the problems occurred in the administrative operation are promptly improved, the rules and regulations of the legislature, the rules of instinct, the rules of breaking the rules, and the lagging behind of the provisions of the system with respect to the administrative operation can be finally realized.