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170多年前的鸦片战争,使中国历史进入近代阶段。但整个社会对这场战争的失利,并未痛定思痛。道光帝在战争中忽战忽和,犹豫不定;而以林则徐、琦善、耆英等为代表的封疆大吏则从严禁烟片、剿办英夷,到中后期主和签约,这一系列变化虽有因战事失利而心生忧愤,但是整个官僚集团及其最高决策者的皇帝仍以天朝上国自居,把签订合约作为对外夷的羁縻之策。甚至在战争后的几年里,夷夏之辩在社会思潮中占据绝对地位,他们在心态的变化上也鲜有波澜。然而,士大夫们却开启了中国早期的启蒙,介绍西方地理、政治、军事、社会等方面知识,并主张学习西方。
The Opium War 170 years ago brought Chinese history into its modern stage. However, the entire community failed in this war and did not make any mistakes. Daoguang Emperor suddenly war in the war suddenly and hesitated; hesitant; and Lin Zexu, Qi Shan, Senior English seniors, etc., from no smoking tabacco, destroy Ying Yi, to the late and the main contract, this series Although the changes were anguished because of the defeat in the war, the emperor of the entire bureaucratic group and its highest decision-maker still used the rule of heaven and the state to treat itself as a policy of barbarian foreign relations. Even in the years after the war, the debate between Yi Xia and China occupied an absolute position in the social trend of thought, and they also had few waves in the change of mentality. However, the scholar-ministers opened the early enlightenment in China and introduced western geography, politics, military affairs and social knowledge, and advocated studying the West.