论文部分内容阅读
动词-ing形式的词分为现在分词和动名词，它们的形式一样，新教材统一称为动词-ing形式，但它们的用法和意义有很大的区别。
一、用法和意义的不同
现在分词具有进行时态的意义，而动名词则表示特征和抽象的概念。如：
1. being
The large house being built in the street is a new hospital. （此处的being是现在分词，表示现在进行时。being built=which is being built充当后置定语，修饰house。）
He left his home without being permitted. （此处的being是动名词，它具有动词的特征，being permitted是被动语态。）
2. singing
I heard the boy student singing in the classroom. （singing在此处是现在分词，表示进行时，“正在唱歌”。）
The boy student was given a gold medal for having sung a good song. （having sung 此处是动名词sing的完成时，具有动词的特征，带有宾语a good song，且具有完成时态的形式。）
3. playing
A boy was seen playing on the tracks at the railway station. （playing此处是现在分词，表示进行时，“正在火车站的铁轨上玩”。）
He liked playing basketball on the playground when he was at college. （playing此处是动名词，充当动词like的宾语，表示抽象的、习惯性的动作，即“当他上大学时，他喜欢打篮球”这一习惯。）
二、词类转换的区别
无论是现在分词还是动名词都可以转换成其它词类，但它们转换的词类并不相同，且在句子中的语法功能也不一样。一般说来，现在分词往往转换成形容词，在句中充当表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和定语；而动名词则转换成名词，在句中充当定语、表语、主语和宾语。如：
1. The football match we watched yesterday was very interesting. （interesting此处是现在分词，转换成形容词，在句中充当表语。）
There is a swimming pool in our school. (swimming此处是动名词转换成形容词，表示用途，作定语，修饰pool。)
2. We can see steam rising from the wet clothes soon. (rising此处是现在分词，相当于形容词，充当宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。)
Being exposed to the sunlight too long will do harm to your skin. (Being exposed to the sunlight在此处是动名词短语转换成名词短语，在句中充当主语，being不能省去。)
3. Steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes. (rising from the wet clothes此处是现在分词短语转化成形容词短语充当主语补足语，表示动作正在进行。)
I remember being taken to Shanghai when I was a child. (being taken to Shanghai此处是动名词短语转化成名词短语，在句中充当宾语。)
4. The girl standing there is a classmate of mine. (standing there是现在分词短语转化成形容词短语，充当后置定语，表示动作正在进行。)
The best sport in summer is swimming. (swimming在此处是动名词，而不是现在分词，此句也不是现在进行时。swimming相当于名词，在句中充当表语。)
三、用作定语时的区别
虽然现在分词（短语）和动名词（短语）均可以作定语，但是它们的用法有很大的区别。现在分词作定语时，它和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，可以扩展为定语从句，且表示动作正在进行；而动名词作定语时，它和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，只能表示用途，不能扩展为定语从句。
1. There was a sleeping boy in the classroom but noboby saw him. (此处sleeping是现在分词作定语修饰boy,它和boy在逻辑上有主谓关系。a sleeping boy=a boy who was sleeping，我们不能说a boy for sleeping。)
2. There was a sleeping bag in which a scientist slept in the forest. (此处sleeping是动名词作定语修饰bag，表示用途。a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping，用来睡的袋子即睡袋，我们不能说a bag who is sleeping。)
[【练习】]
把下列句子翻译成汉语，并说出划线部分是现在分词还是动名词以及它们的成分。
1. Seeing is believing.
2. Being painted, the wall smells terrible.
3. There were a lot of people making noises in the waiting room.
4. She insisted on her being sent to work in the countryside.
5. Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.
6. Jenny suggested our going on an outing to the countryside next weekend, but the rest didn’t sound very enthusastic about the idea.
7. A study shows that students living in non-smoking dormitories are less likely to pick up the habit of smoking.
8. Apart from various pavilions representing different nationlities at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, there are also pavilions focusing on the past, present and future of the people and the cities they live in.
9. According to a new study, husbands and wives of long standing are said to resemble each other.
10. His mother dying of a serious disease when he was a child, his father intended him for a doctor.
[【参考答案】]
1. 眼见为实。Seeing为动名词作主语。believing为动名词，作表语。
2. 由于正在做油漆，这个墙的气味难闻。现在分词短语充当原因状语。
3. 有很多人在候车室，闹哄哄的。making noises为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰people；waiting为动名词，在句中作定语。
4. 她坚持自己被派到乡村工作。being sent为动名词短语，在句中作宾语。
5. 在参观完实验室之后，我们被带去参观图书馆。having been shown the labs为现在分词短语作时间状语。
6. 詹妮建议我们下周去乡村远足，但其他人对此建议并不很热心。going on an outing为动名词，在句中作宾语。
7. 研究表明，生活在无烟寝室的学生染上吸烟习惯的可能性要更小一些。living为现在分词，作后置定语；non-smoking动名词，作前置定语。
8. 2010年上海世博会除了有不同的建筑代表不同的民族外，也有一些建筑集中反映人们的过去、现在和未来，以及他们居住的城市。respresenting, focusing on均为现在分词作后置定语。
9. 根据新的研究表明，长期保持夫妻关系的人会被认为非常相似。standing为动名词，作宾语。
10. 由于他的母亲在他小时候死于重病，所以他父亲打算让他当医生。his mother dying of a serious disease是独立主格结构，充当原因状语，其中dying of 是现在分词短语。
一、用法和意义的不同
现在分词具有进行时态的意义，而动名词则表示特征和抽象的概念。如：
1. being
The large house being built in the street is a new hospital. （此处的being是现在分词，表示现在进行时。being built=which is being built充当后置定语，修饰house。）
He left his home without being permitted. （此处的being是动名词，它具有动词的特征，being permitted是被动语态。）
2. singing
I heard the boy student singing in the classroom. （singing在此处是现在分词，表示进行时，“正在唱歌”。）
The boy student was given a gold medal for having sung a good song. （having sung 此处是动名词sing的完成时，具有动词的特征，带有宾语a good song，且具有完成时态的形式。）
3. playing
A boy was seen playing on the tracks at the railway station. （playing此处是现在分词，表示进行时，“正在火车站的铁轨上玩”。）
He liked playing basketball on the playground when he was at college. （playing此处是动名词，充当动词like的宾语，表示抽象的、习惯性的动作，即“当他上大学时，他喜欢打篮球”这一习惯。）
二、词类转换的区别
无论是现在分词还是动名词都可以转换成其它词类，但它们转换的词类并不相同，且在句子中的语法功能也不一样。一般说来，现在分词往往转换成形容词，在句中充当表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和定语；而动名词则转换成名词，在句中充当定语、表语、主语和宾语。如：
1. The football match we watched yesterday was very interesting. （interesting此处是现在分词，转换成形容词，在句中充当表语。）
There is a swimming pool in our school. (swimming此处是动名词转换成形容词，表示用途，作定语，修饰pool。)
2. We can see steam rising from the wet clothes soon. (rising此处是现在分词，相当于形容词，充当宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。)
Being exposed to the sunlight too long will do harm to your skin. (Being exposed to the sunlight在此处是动名词短语转换成名词短语，在句中充当主语，being不能省去。)
3. Steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes. (rising from the wet clothes此处是现在分词短语转化成形容词短语充当主语补足语，表示动作正在进行。)
I remember being taken to Shanghai when I was a child. (being taken to Shanghai此处是动名词短语转化成名词短语，在句中充当宾语。)
4. The girl standing there is a classmate of mine. (standing there是现在分词短语转化成形容词短语，充当后置定语，表示动作正在进行。)
The best sport in summer is swimming. (swimming在此处是动名词，而不是现在分词，此句也不是现在进行时。swimming相当于名词，在句中充当表语。)
三、用作定语时的区别
虽然现在分词（短语）和动名词（短语）均可以作定语，但是它们的用法有很大的区别。现在分词作定语时，它和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，可以扩展为定语从句，且表示动作正在进行；而动名词作定语时，它和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，只能表示用途，不能扩展为定语从句。
1. There was a sleeping boy in the classroom but noboby saw him. (此处sleeping是现在分词作定语修饰boy,它和boy在逻辑上有主谓关系。a sleeping boy=a boy who was sleeping，我们不能说a boy for sleeping。)
2. There was a sleeping bag in which a scientist slept in the forest. (此处sleeping是动名词作定语修饰bag，表示用途。a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping，用来睡的袋子即睡袋，我们不能说a bag who is sleeping。)
把下列句子翻译成汉语，并说出划线部分是现在分词还是动名词以及它们的成分。
1. Seeing is believing.
2. Being painted, the wall smells terrible.
3. There were a lot of people making noises in the waiting room.
4. She insisted on her being sent to work in the countryside.
5. Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.
6. Jenny suggested our going on an outing to the countryside next weekend, but the rest didn’t sound very enthusastic about the idea.
7. A study shows that students living in non-smoking dormitories are less likely to pick up the habit of smoking.
8. Apart from various pavilions representing different nationlities at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, there are also pavilions focusing on the past, present and future of the people and the cities they live in.
9. According to a new study, husbands and wives of long standing are said to resemble each other.
10. His mother dying of a serious disease when he was a child, his father intended him for a doctor.
[【参考答案】]
1. 眼见为实。Seeing为动名词作主语。believing为动名词，作表语。
2. 由于正在做油漆，这个墙的气味难闻。现在分词短语充当原因状语。
3. 有很多人在候车室，闹哄哄的。making noises为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰people；waiting为动名词，在句中作定语。
4. 她坚持自己被派到乡村工作。being sent为动名词短语，在句中作宾语。
5. 在参观完实验室之后，我们被带去参观图书馆。having been shown the labs为现在分词短语作时间状语。
6. 詹妮建议我们下周去乡村远足，但其他人对此建议并不很热心。going on an outing为动名词，在句中作宾语。
7. 研究表明，生活在无烟寝室的学生染上吸烟习惯的可能性要更小一些。living为现在分词，作后置定语；non-smoking动名词，作前置定语。
8. 2010年上海世博会除了有不同的建筑代表不同的民族外，也有一些建筑集中反映人们的过去、现在和未来，以及他们居住的城市。respresenting, focusing on均为现在分词作后置定语。
9. 根据新的研究表明，长期保持夫妻关系的人会被认为非常相似。standing为动名词，作宾语。
10. 由于他的母亲在他小时候死于重病，所以他父亲打算让他当医生。his mother dying of a serious disease是独立主格结构，充当原因状语，其中dying of 是现在分词短语。