从中国封建地主阶级登上历史舞台,到最后一个王朝为止,围绕着土地占有关系的矛盾,中国历史上爆发过无数次动摇地主阶级统治的农民起义和农民战争。因之如何解决这一问题,一直困扰了地主阶级思想家们二千年之久.历史上曾出现了不少土地思想和土地政策,无论是董仲舒的限田论、王莽的王田制、西晋的占田制、北魏的均田制、李觏的限田政策,或则是林勋的所谓井田制和方孝孺的复古井田制思想,到丘浚的配丁田法……等等,但都没有解决土地问题,成为封建社会不能治愈之顽症.到了近代中国,土地问题依然是资产阶级民主革命的重要课题。虽经历了一个由地主阶级改革派试图改造和修补地主阶级土地私有制的过程,如龚自珍《农宗》中阐述的土地思想,是要借宗法制度来维护封建的剥削关系,按宗法关系占有土地和组织生产,使地主阶级私有关系长期保存下去。到太平天国革命农民提出带有绝对平均主义色彩的《天朝田亩制度》,再到资产阶级改良派,如陈炽主张像英国那样办资本主义农场和梁启超所向往的资本主义的农业经营方式,以及资产阶级革命派相继提出带有资产阶级空想特点的土地公有制和土地国有制的发展演变过程,最后以孙中山提出的较能完整体现资产阶级民主主义革命性质的“平均地权”和“耕者有其田”的土地纲领。所有这一切主张或政策措施,只不过对地主土地占有作一些限制或者土地重新分配,或者鼓励地主向农业资本家转化,但都没有主张取消地主土地所有制,故均没有解决农民的土地问题,更不可能实现“耕者有其田”纲领。唯有中国历史进入现代,中国共产党运用暴力革命的手段,依靠广大农民阶级,彻底摧毁了封建的土地所有制,完成了民主革命任务的宏伟业绩。毛泽东正是在这土地问题上显示出他超越前人的见识和解决问题的卓越能力。他运用了马克思主义理论,抓住每一历史阶段的主要矛盾,根据不同历史时期的任务、不同地区的自然条件,提出了解决土地问题切实可行的主张和办法,为中国共产党制定了一系列的土地纲领、土地分配标准和办法,真正实现了数千年以来农民的愿望,做到了“耕者有其田”。本文试从以下三方面探索毛泽东的土地思想。 From the stage of the Chinese feudal landlord ascend the stage of history, until the last dynasty, there were numerous peasant uprisings and peasant wars that had erupted the landlord class in the history of China in the light of the contradiction of land ownership. How to solve this problem has troubled the landlords and thinkers for two thousand years, and many land ideologies and land policies have appeared in history, no matter Dong Tianshu's Tiantian theory, Wang Mang's Wangtian system, and the Western Jin Dynasty The field system of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the land-cutting policy of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the policy of Li Tian's restriction of fields, or the thought of the retro-field system of the so-called Ida system and Fangxiaojian of Lin Hsun and the method of Ding Tien-tian to Qiu Jun ... and so on have all failed to solve the land issue and become feudal In modern China, the land issue remains an important issue for the bourgeois-democratic revolution. Though experienced by the landlord class reformist trying to reform and repair the landownership system of the landlord class, such as the land thought elaborated in Gong Zizhen's “agricultural case”, it is necessary to use the patriarchal clan system to defend the exploitation relations of feudalism, Organize production so that the private relations of the landlord class will be preserved in the long run. To the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the revolutionary peasants proposed the system of “heavenly fields and fields” with absolute egalitarianism and the bourgeois reforms such as Chen Chi's advocacy of capitalist farms like Britain and the capitalist agricultural management style that Liang Qichao yearned for, as well as assets The class revolutionaries successively proposed the development and evolution of public ownership of land and state ownership of land with the characteristics of bourgeois fantasy. Finally, on the basis of the “average land rights” that Sun Yat-sen put forward to fully reflect the revolutionary nature of bourgeois democratization and “ Land Program. All these claims or policies and measures merely restrict landownership or redistribute land or encourage landowners to transform themselves into agricultural capitalists. However, they neither advocated the abolition of landownership, nor did they solve the problem of peasants' land, nor even more It is possible to realize the program of ”cultivators have their own fields.“ Only when the history of China entered the modern era, the Chinese Communist Party, by means of violent revolution, relying on the broad peasant class, completely destroyed the feudal system of land ownership and accomplished the grand performance of the task of democratic revolution. It is on this land issue that Mao Tse-tung shows his outstanding ability to surpass his predecessors' knowledge and solve problems. He applied the Marxist theory and seized on the major contradictions in each historical stage. According to the tasks in different historical periods and the natural conditions in different regions, he put forward the proposals and measures for practically solving the land issue and formulated a series of proposals for the Chinese Communist Party Land program, land allocation standards and methods have truly fulfilled the aspirations of peasants for thousands of years and achieved the goal of ”cultivating their own land". This article tries to explore Mao Zedong thought of land from the following three aspects.