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要想写出漂亮的书面表达,必须从写好句子开始。要想写好句子必须从理论上掌握英语句子的特点。首先应该熟悉五种基本句型,其次还要熟悉英汉两种句子的差别。汉语的句子讲究简洁、明了。它可以被比作成一根竹子,每个句子就是其中的一节;而英语句子注重逻辑性,强调句子和句子之间的内在联系。英语句子可以被比作成一串葡萄,一根主干,其他的分句就像葡萄一样挂在枝干的两侧。要写出地道的英语句子,就要符合一串葡萄的原则。下面是一些常见的句子,通过变换后,更能体现英语句子的特色。
1.借助介词
介词表状态,可以取代汉语中的动词。比如with, without, against, for。
例如:China is a large country. It has long history. 这是两个简单句,它们所说明的都是China的内容。因此,后一个句子可以借助介词with 来负载在前一个句子上,这样两个句子就变成了一个句子。改为:China is a large country with long history.
2.适用关联词
常见关联词有:not only ... but also ...; neither ... nor ...; both ... and ...
例如: He enjoys playing football. He also enjoys playing basketball. 改为:He enjoys playing not only football but also basketball.
3.改变语态
汉语重视主动语态,而英语重视被动语态。
例如: He has made much progress in his English. 改为:Much progress has been made in his English.
需要注意的是有些动词短语在变成被动语态时,要明确被动语态的主语。例如:We should pay more attention to environmental pollution. 这个句子中有一个动词短语 pay attention to,其中attention 是pay 的宾语。因此改为被动语态时,主语应该是attention。改为:More attention should be paid to environmental pollution。
4.使用短语
在句子中多使用短语,能为句子添色彩。
例如:Our city has changed a lot in the past few years. 其中change 可以用take place 来替换。改为:Great changes have taken place in the past few years in our city.
5.使用不定时
不定式可以表示即将要发生的动作。
例如:We will have a discussion about the problem at the meeting that will be held tomorrow. 句中的that will be held tomorrow 作the meeting的定语。这个定语从句可以用动词不定式替换。改为:We will have a discussion about the problem at the meeting to be held tomorrow.
6.使用动词的分词
动词的分词有两种。现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动。
例如: She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. 这是一个并列句。后一个分句的动作是伴随发生的。改为:She walked out of the lab followed by many students. 再例如:He came in, crying.他哭着进来了。其中crying 是伴随发生的动作。
7.用好定语从句
定语从句是由一个句子作名词的后置定语。
例如:I bought a pen yesterday. But it didn’t work. 这两个简单句都说明了同一个内容pen,因此可以将第一个简单句变成一个定语从句。改为:The pen that I bought yesterday didn’t work.
8.恰当使用逗号,充分发挥标点符号的语法功能
句号表示一句话内容的终结,而逗号表示一个暂时的停顿,这句话的内容还没有完成。
例如:It has some fantastic sights, including the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral, one of the most famous churches in the world.(新目标九年级教材P54原句)。这个句子中使用了两个逗号,第一个逗号后面使用了动词ing形式,表示伴随状态。第二个逗号是一个短语,它对the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral进行限定说明。
1.借助介词
介词表状态,可以取代汉语中的动词。比如with, without, against, for。
例如:China is a large country. It has long history. 这是两个简单句,它们所说明的都是China的内容。因此,后一个句子可以借助介词with 来负载在前一个句子上,这样两个句子就变成了一个句子。改为:China is a large country with long history.
2.适用关联词
常见关联词有:not only ... but also ...; neither ... nor ...; both ... and ...
例如: He enjoys playing football. He also enjoys playing basketball. 改为:He enjoys playing not only football but also basketball.
3.改变语态
汉语重视主动语态,而英语重视被动语态。
例如: He has made much progress in his English. 改为:Much progress has been made in his English.
需要注意的是有些动词短语在变成被动语态时,要明确被动语态的主语。例如:We should pay more attention to environmental pollution. 这个句子中有一个动词短语 pay attention to,其中attention 是pay 的宾语。因此改为被动语态时,主语应该是attention。改为:More attention should be paid to environmental pollution。
4.使用短语
在句子中多使用短语,能为句子添色彩。
例如:Our city has changed a lot in the past few years. 其中change 可以用take place 来替换。改为:Great changes have taken place in the past few years in our city.
5.使用不定时
不定式可以表示即将要发生的动作。
例如:We will have a discussion about the problem at the meeting that will be held tomorrow. 句中的that will be held tomorrow 作the meeting的定语。这个定语从句可以用动词不定式替换。改为:We will have a discussion about the problem at the meeting to be held tomorrow.
6.使用动词的分词
动词的分词有两种。现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动。
例如: She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. 这是一个并列句。后一个分句的动作是伴随发生的。改为:She walked out of the lab followed by many students. 再例如:He came in, crying.他哭着进来了。其中crying 是伴随发生的动作。
7.用好定语从句
定语从句是由一个句子作名词的后置定语。
例如:I bought a pen yesterday. But it didn’t work. 这两个简单句都说明了同一个内容pen,因此可以将第一个简单句变成一个定语从句。改为:The pen that I bought yesterday didn’t work.
8.恰当使用逗号,充分发挥标点符号的语法功能
句号表示一句话内容的终结,而逗号表示一个暂时的停顿,这句话的内容还没有完成。
例如:It has some fantastic sights, including the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral, one of the most famous churches in the world.(新目标九年级教材P54原句)。这个句子中使用了两个逗号,第一个逗号后面使用了动词ing形式,表示伴随状态。第二个逗号是一个短语,它对the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral进行限定说明。