在中国历史上,规模比较大的中外文化交流共有三次。第一次是汉唐时期印度佛教文化的传入,它与中国传统文化相结合,产生了宋明理学;第二次是明末清初以利玛窦为先驱的一批欧洲耶稣会士的东来,从而使中西文化有了第一次真正直接的交流;第三次则是在鸦片战争后的近代,这是在西方大规模殖民侵略的特殊背景下导致的西方文化的强行输入。~①在元代,虽已有马可·波罗、鄂多立克等极少数欧洲人来过中国并留下了著述,但他们对中国的考察了解大多流于表面。当然,这些早期到过中国的欧洲人,在中西文化交流中起 In Chinese history, the relatively large-scale cultural exchange between China and foreign countries took place three times in total. The first was the introduction of Indian Buddhism culture during the Han and Tang dynasties. It was combined with Chinese traditional culture to produce Neo-Confucianism. The second was the group of European Jesuits headed by Matteo Ricci in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties Donglai, thus bringing about the first truly direct exchange between Chinese and Western cultures. The third was the modern post-Opium War. This was a forcible import of Western culture under the special background of Western mass colonial aggression. In the Yuan Dynasty, although a handful of Europeans such as Marco Polo and Audlik were already present in China and left their writings, most of their knowledge of China was on the surface. Of course, those Europeans who have been to China early have played a role in the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures