一般苏联心理学家都认为,苏联心理学是在同关于“心理、意识”的唯心论和机械唯物论的斗争中诞生和发展起来的。在三十年代初,苏联心理学对“心理、意识”既要克服唯心论的理解,又要克服种种机械唯物论的理解。在这种情况下,谢·列·鲁宾斯坦(1889—1960)在其《马克思著作中的心理学问题》(1934)一文中首先十分明确地 Soviet psychologists generally believe that Soviet psychology was born and developed in the struggle against idealism and mechanical materialism about “psychology and consciousness.” In the early 1930s, Soviet psychology had to overcome the idealist understanding of “psychology and consciousness” as well as overcome the comprehension of various kinds of mechanical materialism. Under such circumstances, Xie Lie Rubinstein (1889-1960) first and most clearly in his article “Psychological Problems in Marx’s Works” (1934)