“关系”无疑是《资本论》中最常见也是最重要的概念,《资本论》的出版,对当代哲学从各种实体主义向各种“关系主义”的转向提供了丰富的思想资源。与此同时,各种“关系主义”流派也从自身的视角出发,纷纷对《资本论》和马克思的历史唯物主义思想进行了各式各样的解读,本文主要分析评价了阿尔都塞系统结构关系及理论与现实关系方面的贡献与不足。 “Relationships ” is undoubtedly the most common and important concept in “Capitalism”. The publication of “Capitalism” has provided richness for the shift of contemporary philosophy from various substantivities to various kinds of “relationalism” Thought resources. At the same time, all kinds of schools of “relationalism” also proceeded from their own perspectives and carried out various interpretations of “capital theory” and Marxist historical materialism. This article mainly analyzes and evaluates Althusser System structure and the relationship between theory and reality.