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断裂力学出现前,在计算构件承载能力时,人们将“材料是无缺陷的连续均匀介质”作为产品设计的依据。可是,就宏观缺陷而言,在材料生产和加工过程中,它的出现是难以避免的。随着结构的大型化、高强度材料的应用及新工艺的发展,低应力断裂事故愈来愈严重。通过对低应力脆断问题的试验研究,60年代中期形成了断裂力学这门新学科,其概念是:假定在所有材料中均会出现缺陷而去定量描述它们对结构完整性的影响。正是由于断裂力学的发展提出了损伤容限设计思想。损伤容限设计的有效实施必须取得无损检测的密切配合。
Before the emergence of fracture mechanics, people calculated the component bearing capacity as “the material is a defect-free continuous uniform medium” as the basis for product design. However, in the case of macro defects, its appearance is inevitable in the production and processing of materials. With the large-scale structure, the application of high-strength materials and the development of new technology, low-stress fracture accidents are more and more serious. Through the experimental study on the low stress brittle fracture, a new discipline of fracture mechanics was formed in the mid-1960s. Its concept is that quantitatively describing their influence on structural integrity, assuming defects occur in all materials. It is precisely because of the development of fracture mechanics put forward the design of damage tolerance. The effective implementation of the design of damage tolerance must be closely related to the non-destructive testing.