古基因组学在古代家马研究中的应用

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古DNA是人类学、分子进化和群体遗传学的一个重要的工具.在过去的十年,我们见证了古DNA研究的一场革命.古DNA研究的焦点在很长时间内被限制在了线粒体DNA和有限个核基因组标记,但现在已经能够获得非常古老的全基因组数据.这一突破主要是缘于高通量测序平台以及获取高度降解DNA分子的能力,并发展出了古基因组学这一新领域.本文回顾了马的古基因组研究的发展历程,以及在揭示家马的遗传谱系和基于基因型-表型关联分析预测马的性状两方面的最新进展.我们依据马的基因组研究的新成果,优化三款基于高通量测序的检测panel,分析古代家马的谱系、性别、毛色、运动能力、步态、体型/肩高、高原适应等相关方面.结果显示,遗传谱系和表型特征为探讨中国古代家马的起源和用途,特别是祭祀用马的来源和挑选标准有重要意义.该研究有助于进一步认识中国家马的演化与传播及其与古代社会政治、经济、文化、思想的关系.
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