悲观主义有多种形式。一种是教条主义的悲观主义——这主要是迷途中不知何去何从的小市民。教条主义的悲观主义通常都会导致一种教条主义的修正世界的思想。教条主义的悲观主义在艺术表现中始终是一种道德主义,其形式则最经常地是一种悲枪(即一种丑恶可耻的社会不公正,或是对长时间垂死挣扎的一种黯然神伤、望洋兴叹和绝对低劣的描述,譬如西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦的 There are many forms of pessimism. One is dogmatic pessimism - it is mainly a small citizen who does not know where to go in a lost journey. Dogmatic pessimism usually leads to a dogmatic revisionist world mentality. Dogmatic pessimism, in artistic expression, has always been a form of moralism, most often in the form of a tragedy (ie, an ugly shameful social injustice, or a dejected spirit of long-standing, dying struggle , Desolate and absolutely inferior description, such as Simone de Beauvoir’s