中下层管理人员(领班Meister)在德国的工业企业的发展中一直占据着举足轻重的地位。一般来说,他(她)们必须先参加工商协会规定的课程学习,通过严格的理论与实践考试,取得所谓“领班(Meister)”的身份,才有可能在某个企业中获得一个中下层管理人员(以下简称领班)的位置,相当与我国大中型企业里大班班长。这些具有“领班”身份的管理人员,占据了德国的 The middle and lower managers (Meister) have always played a pivotal role in the development of German industrial companies. In general, he or she must first attend the courses prescribed by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and through rigorous theoretical and practical examinations, obtain the status of a so-called “Meister”, and then it is possible to obtain one in a company. The position of the middle and lower management personnel (hereinafter referred to as the foreman) is quite similar to that of the large- and medium-sized enterprises in China. These managers with “foreman” occupy Germany’s