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Background: Dragons blood is a Chinese traditional herb, which was shown to have certain anti-radiation effects due to the presence of several phenolic compounds.The 50% ethanol extracts (DBE) were obtained from Dragons Blood, whose protective effects on peripheral blood and particularly megalokaryocytes were studied.Materials and methods: In this study, we investigated the radioprotective effects of Dragons blood extracts (DBE) on peripheral blood cells and pathological changes using an irradiated-mouse model.We also explored the potential molecular mechanisms of DBE on cell proliferation and apoptosis in megakaryocytic cell line Mo7e.Results: DBE significantly promoted the recovery of peripheral blood cells and the morphology of bone marrow histopathology in irradiated mice.Histology bone marrow confirmed the protective effect of DBE, as shown by an increased number of hematopoietic cells and a reduction of apoptosis.In a megakaryocytic apoptotic model, we found that DBE (50μg/mL) markedly alleviated GM-CSF withdrawal-induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest of Mo7e cells.DBE (50μg/mL) also significantly decreased the ratio of Bax expression to Bcl-2 expression, inhibited the active caspase-3 expression, and increased the activation of ERK1/2 protein level, not AKT expression.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that DBE effectively promotes hematopoiesis in irradiated mice, attenuates cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through the decrease of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the reduction of active caspase-3 expression, and increases cell proliferation in factor-depleted Mo7e cells, which is likely associated with the activation of ERK1/2 pathway, not AKT pathway.