It is generally acknowledged that vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide which plays important role in the regulation of blood pressure and water-electrolyte balance.Recently, growing number of studies have provided evidence for several new regulatory effects of AVP, related to its action on Vla and Vlb receptors in the brain.It has been shown in several neuroanatomical, electrophysiological and functional studies that vasopressin is released from neurons projecting to the neurohypophysis, median eminence and multiple regions of the central nervous system involved in the regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory functions, pain, and the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular and behavioral adaptation to stress.Central regulatory effects of AVP strongly depend on cooperation with multriple neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and gasotransmitters.In particular, there is strong evidence for interaction of vasopressin with other neuroregulatory substances controlling blood pressure, metabolism, behavior, and inflammatory processes, such as angiotensin Ⅱ, nitric oxide, natriuretic peptides, cytokines (TNF-α and IL-), orexin and apelin.Some studies indicate that AVP and its interactions with other factors in the brain may play essential role in the integration of the cardiovascular and behavioral adaptation to stress.Recent evidence show that the cardiovascular diseases such as the post-infarct heart failure and hypertension are associated with significant retuning of the activity of the brain vasopressinergic system, which results in enhanced engagement of vasopressin in elevation of blood pressure and potentiation of the cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress.