Recent advance has provided the genetic basis of many human diseases.The most important achievement is in the field of cancer genetics,where the human genome information and molecular genetics have provided basic understanding of human malignancies.In cancer cells,different genetic mutations are commonly observed with hundreds or thousands of genes differentially expressed.The loss of genomic stability with the mutations of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes is a key process leading to the human cancer.The identification of genetic mutations of signaling molecules including Ras,Wnt/βcatenin,ErbB/HER,protein-tyrosine kinases,and PI3K/PTEN signaling pathways,has provided an emerging opportunity to study the cancer biology and potential therapeutic targets for human cancer.