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Background: The variables that determine risk of developing syphilis are poorly characterized,and many potential variables have never been investigated.Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted from January 2013 to June 2014,to identify behavioural factors and medical condition associated with syphilis infection.The study screened 17,585 inpatients at the hospital,and enrolled 664 inpatients with newly-diagnosed syphilis and 800 sex- and age-matched controls without syphilis.Medical histories,clinical data and patient interview data were collected for all participants.Data were subject to univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results: The prevalence of syphilis in the study group was 3.9%.Syphilis infection was associated with migration between cities in the same province,being married,widowed or divorced,current smoking behaviour,duration of smoking >15 years,consumption >20 pack-years of tobacco,history of vaginal delivery or abortion (females only),hypertension,elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV).Syphilis infection was also associated with some serologic patterns of HBV infection.Multivariate analysis indicated that syphilis infection was independently associated with migration between cities in the same province,current smoking,elevated BUN and some serologic patterns of HBV infection.Syphilis infection was not associated with ethnicity,employment status,drug use,history of surgery,transfusion,diabetes mellitus or liver function.Conclusion: The findings suggest association between syphilis infection and migration,tobacco use,elevated BUN and HBV infection.These data may be useful for preventing the spread of infectious diseases above and successfully controlling syphilis by public health measures.