From the 1960s to the mid 1990s the dominant paradigm for rodent control was the widespread use of chemical rodenticides.In general,farmers were reactive to rodent problems; they acted too late and losses to crops were high.Rodent biologists were forced to rethink this reliance on chemical rodenticides because of lack of sustainable efficacy,risk to non-target species,and the development of resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in some rodent species.Some 15 years ago,ecologically-based rodent management (EBRM) was formally described in a book associated with the 1st International Conference on Rodent Biology and Management.EBRM has had significant impact since its formulation: formally adopted by the governments of Indonesia and Vietnam as their national policy for rodent management in agricultural systems,it is the main rodent management paradigm in at least 30 countries.A challenge is to address not only chronic rodent problems in agricultural landscapes but also the acute outbreaks that cause tremendous impacts on rural communities.An important component of EBRM has been the incorporation of sociological research.We will provide a retrospective view of what has been achieved by ecologists and sociologists over the past 15 years,identify countries where progress has been promising,and then provide thoughts on some key ecological and sociological challenges.