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To explore the relationship between 5-HTergic terminals and the vestibulo-parabrachial projection neurons expressing 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) in the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the rat.Tetramethylrhodamine (TMR,for light microscopic study) and WGA-HRP (for electron microscopic study) retrograde-tract tracing techniques combined with doublelabeling immunofluorescence histochemistry and immuno-electron microscope were used to observe the relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-like immunoreactive terminals and the vestibulo-parabrachial projection neurons which may express 5-HT1AR in the rat VNC by using fluorescence microscope,confocal laser-scanning microscope and electron microscope.Following TMR injection into the parabrachial nucleus,many TMR retrogradely-labeled neurons were observed bilaterally within VNC,but with an ipsilateral predominance.Immunofluorescence histochemical staining showed that many neurons expressed 5-HT1AR-like immunoreactivity (-IR) and a few of TMR-labeled neurons showed 5-HT1AR-IR in the medial,inferior,superior,lateral vestibular nucleus (MVe,SpVe,SuVe,LVe),X nucleus and Y nucleus.